Power System Nagrath Kothari Pdf

2003. , third edition, 694 pages. A lot of worked-out examples, including MATLAB codes.Note: Book obtained as a kind gift of Raj (user Raj).Preface to the Third EditionSince the appearance of the second edition in 1989, the overall energy situation has changed considerably and this has generated great interest in non-conventional and renewable energy sources, energy conservation and management, power reforms and restructuring and distributed and dispersed generation. Chapter 1 has been therefore, enlarged and completely rewritten. In addition, the influences of environmental constraints are also discussed.The present edition, like the earlier two, is designed for a two-semester course at the undergraduate level or for first-semester post-graduate study.Modern power systems have grown larger and spread over larger geographical area with many interconnections between neighbouring systems. Optimal planning, operation and control of such large-scale systems require advanced computer-based techniques many of which are explained in the student-oriented and reader-friendly manner by means of numerical examples throughout this book. Electric utility engineers will also be benefitted by the book as it will prepare them more adequately to face the new challenges. The style of writing is amenable to self-study. The wide range of topics facilitates versatile selection of chapters and sections for completion in the semester time frame.Highlights of this edition are the five new chapters. Chapter 13 deals with power system security. Contingency analysis and sensitivity factors are described. An analytical framework is developed to control bulk power systems in such a way that security is enhanced. Everything seems to have a propensity to fail. Power systems are no exception. Power system security practices try to control and operate power systems in a defensive posture so that the effects of these inevitable failures are minimized.Chapter 14 is an introduction to the use of state estimation in electric power systems. We have selected Least Squares Estimation to give basic solution. External system equivalencing and treatment of bad data are also discussed.The economics of power transmission has always lured the planners to transmit as much power as possible through existing transmission lines. Difficulty of acquiring the right of way for new lines (the corridor crisis) has always motivated the power engineers to develop compensatory systems. Therefore, Chapter 15 addresses compensation in power systems. Both series and shunt compensation of lines have been thoroughly discussed. Concepts of SVS, STATCOM and FACTS have-been briefly introduced.Chapter 16 covers the important topic of load forecasting technique. Knowing load is absolutely essential for solving any power system problem.Chapter 17 deals with the important problem of voltage stability. Mathematical formulation, analysis, state-of-art, future trends and challenges are discussed.MATLAB and SIMULINK, ideal programs for power system analysis are included in this book as an appendix along with 18 solved examples illustrating their use in solving representative power system problems. The help rendered by Shri Sunil Bhat of VNIT, Nagpur in writing this appendix is thankfully acknowledged.Tata McGraw-Hill and the authors would like to thank the following reviewers of this edition: Prof. J.D. Sharma, ИТ Roorkee; Prof. S.N. Tiwari, MNNIT Allahabad; Dr. M.R. Mohan, Anna University, Chennai; Prof. M.K. Deshmukh, BITS, Pilani; Dr. H.R. Seedhar, PEC, Chandigarh; Prof. P.R. Bijwe and Dr. Sanjay Roy, ИТ Delhi.While revising the text, we have had the benefit of valuable advice and suggestions from many professors, students and practising engineers who used the earlier editions of this book. All these individuals have influenced this edition. We express our thanks and appreciation to them. We hope this support/ response would continue in the future also.Contents:
Preface to Third Edition
Preface to First Editionntroduction
A Perspective
Structure of Power Systems
Conventional Sources of Electric Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Energy Storage
Growth of Power Systems in India
Energy Conservation
Deregulation
Distributed and Dispersed Generation
Environmental Aspects of Electric Energy Generation
Power System Engineers and Power System Studies
Use of Computers and Microprocessors
Problems Facing Indian Power Industry and its Choices
ReferencesInductance and Resistance of Transmission Lines
ntroduction
Definition of Inductance
Flux Linkages of an Isolated Current-Carrying Conductor
nductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line
Conductor Types
Flux Linkages of one Conductor in a Group
nductance of Composite Conductor Lines
nductance of Three-Phase Lines
Double-Circuit Three-Phase Lines
Bundled Conductors
Resistance
Skin Effect and Proximity Effect
Problems
ReferencesCapacitance of Transmission Lines
ntroduction
Electric Field of a Long Straight Conductor
Potential Difference between two Conductors of a Group of Parallel Conductors
Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line
Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Equilateral Spacing
З.6 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing
Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance
Method of GMD (Modified)
Bundled Conductors
Problems
ReferencesRepresentation of Power System Components
ntroduction
Single-phase Solution of Balanced Three-phase Networks
One-Line Diagram and Impedance or Reactance Diagram
Per Unit (PU) System
Complex Power
Synchronous Machine
Representation of Loads
Problems
ReferencesCharacteristics and Performance of Power Transmission Lines
ntroduction
Short Transmission Line
Medium Transmission Line
The Long Transmission Line – Rigorous Solution
nterpretation of the Long Line Equations
Ferranti Effect
Tuned Power Lines
The Equivalent Circuit of a Long Line
Power Flow through a Transmission Line
Methods of Voltage Control
Problems
ReferencesLoad Flow Studies
ntroduction
Network Model Formulation
Formation of YBm by Singular Transformation
Load Flow Problem
Gauss-Seidel Method
Newton-Raphson (NR) Method
Decoupled Load Flow Methods
Comparison of Load Flow Methods
Control of Voltage Profile
ProblemsOptimal System Operation
ntroduction
Optimal Operation of Generators on a Bus Bar
Optimal Unit Commitment (UC)
Reliability Considerations
Optimum Generation Scheduling
Optimal Load Flow Solution
Optimal Scheduling of Hydrothermal System
Problems
ReferencesAutomatic Generation and Voltage Control
ntroduction
Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case)
Load Frequency Control and Economic Dispatch Control
Two-Area Load Frequency Control
Optimal (Two-Area) Load Frequency Control
Automatic Voltage Control
Load Frequency Control with Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs)
Speed Governor Dead-Band and Its Effect on AGC
Digital LF Controllers
Decentralized Control
Problems
ReferencesSymmetrical Fault Analysis
ntroduction
Transient on a Transmission Line
Short Circuit of a Synchronous Machine (On No Load)
Short Circuit of a Loaded Synchronous Machine
Selection of Circuit Breakers
' Algorithm for Short Circuit Studies
ZBUS Formulation
Problems
ReferencesSymmetrical Components
ntroduction
Symmetrical Component Transformation
Phase Shift in Star-Delta Transformers
Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
Sequence Impedances and Sequence Network of Power System
Sequence Impedances and Networks of Sуnchronous Machine
Sequence Impedances of Transmission Lines
Sequence Impedances and Networks of Transformers
Construction of Sequence Networks of a Power System
Problems
ReferencesUnsymmetrical Fault Analysis
ntroduction
Symmetrical Component Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults
Single Line-To-Ground (LG) Fault
Line-To-Line (LL) Fault
Double Line-To-Ground (LLG) Fault
Open Conductor Faults
Bus Impedance Matrix Method For Analysis of Unsymmetrical Shunt Faults
Problems
ReferencesPower System Stability
ntroduction
Dynamics of a Synchronous Machine
Power Angle Equation
A Node Elimination Technique
Simple Systems
Steady State Stability
Transient Stability
Equal Area Criterion
Numerical Solution of Swing Equation
Multimachine Stability
Some Factors Affeeting Transient Stability
Problems
ReferencesPower System Security
ntroduction
System State Classification
Security Analysis
Contingency Analysis
Sensitivity Factors
Power System Voltage Stability
ReferencesAn Introduction to State Estimation of Power Systems
ntroduction
Least Squares Estimation: The Basic Solution
Static State Estimation of Power Systems
Tracking State Estimation of Power Systems
Some Computational Considerations
External System Equivalencing
Treatment of Bad Data
Network Observability and Pseudo-Measurements
Application of Power System State Estimation
Problems
ReferencesCompensation in Power Systems
ntroduction
Loading Capability
Load Compensation
Line Compensation
Series Compensation
Shunt Compensators
Comparison between STATCOM and SVC
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)
Principle and Operation of Converters
Facts Controllers
ReferencesLoad Forecasting Technique
ntroduction
Forecasting Methodology
Estimation of Average and Trend Terms
Estimation of Periodic Components
Estimation of ys (k): Time Series Approach
Estimation of Stochastic Component: Kalman Filtering Approach
Long-Term Load Predictions Using Econometric Models
Reactive Load Forecast
ReferencesVoltage Stability
ntroduction
Comparison of Angle and Voltage Stability
Reactive Power Flow and Voltage Collapse
Mathematical Formulation of Voltage Stability Problem
oltage Stability Analysis
Prevention of Voltage Collapse
State-of-the-Art, Future Trends and Challenges
ReferencesAppendix A: Introduction to Vector and Matrix Algebra
Appendix B: Generalized Circuit Constants
Appendix C: Triangular Factorization and Optimal Ordering
Appendix D: Elements of Power System Jacobian Matrix
Appendix E: Kuhn-Tucker Theorem
Appendix F: Real-time Computer Control of Power Systems
Appendix G: Introduction to MATLAB and SIMULINK
Answers to Problems
Index